The Parisian club has now won the prestigious cup on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past Marseille in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille fired two times late to take a shock lead. First, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.